TB NETBible YUN-IBR Ref. Silang Nama Gambar Himne

Kisah Para Rasul 26:1--28:31

Konteks

Paul Offers His Defense

26:1 So Agrippa¹ said to Paul, “You have permission² to speak for yourself.” Then Paul held out his hand³ and began his defense:⁴

26:2 “Regarding all the things I have been accused of by the Jews, King Agrippa,⁵ I consider myself fortunate that I am about to make my defense before you today, 26:3 because you are especially⁶ familiar with all the customs and controversial issues⁷ of the Jews. Therefore I ask⁸ you to listen to me patiently. 26:4 Now all the Jews know the way I lived⁹ from my youth, spending my life from the beginning among my own people¹⁰ and in Jerusalem.¹¹ 26:5 They know,¹² because they have known¹³ me from time past,¹⁴ if they are willing to testify, that according to the strictest party¹⁵ of our religion, I lived as a Pharisee.¹⁶ 26:6 And now I stand here on trial¹⁷ because of my hope in the promise made by God to our ancestors,¹⁸ 26:7 a promise¹⁹ that our twelve tribes hope to attain as they earnestly serve God²⁰ night and day. Concerning this hope the Jews are accusing me,²¹ Your Majesty!²² 26:8 Why do you people²³ think²⁴ it is unbelievable²⁵ that²⁶ God raises the dead? 26:9 Of course,²⁷ I myself was convinced²⁸ that it was necessary to do many things hostile to the name of Jesus the Nazarene. 26:10 And that is what I did in Jerusalem: Not only did I lock up many of the saints in prisons by the authority I received²⁹ from the chief priests, but I also cast my vote³⁰ against them when they were sentenced to death.³¹ 26:11 I punished³² them often in all the synagogues³³ and tried to force³⁴ them to blaspheme. Because I was so furiously enraged³⁵ at them, I went to persecute³⁶ them even in foreign cities.

26:12 “While doing this very thing,³⁷ as I was going³⁸ to Damascus with authority and complete power³⁹ from the chief priests, 26:13 about noon along the road, Your Majesty,⁴⁰ I saw a light from heaven,⁴¹ brighter than the sun, shining everywhere around⁴² me and those traveling with me. 26:14 When we had all fallen to the ground, I heard a voice saying to me in Aramaic,⁴³ ‘Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me? You are hurting yourself⁴⁴ by kicking against the goads.’⁴⁵ 26:15 So I said, ‘Who are you, Lord?’ And the Lord replied,⁴⁶ ‘I am Jesus whom you are persecuting. 26:16 But get up and stand on your feet, for I have appeared to you for this reason, to designate you in advance⁴⁷ as a servant and witness⁴⁸ to the things⁴⁹ you have seen⁵⁰ and to the things in which I will appear to you. 26:17 I will rescue⁵¹ you from your own people⁵² and from the Gentiles, to whom⁵³ I am sending you 26:18 to open their eyes so that they turn⁵⁴ from darkness to light and from the power⁵⁵ of Satan to God, so that they may receive forgiveness of sins and a share⁵⁶ among those who are sanctified by faith in me.’

26:19 “Therefore, King Agrippa,⁵⁷ I was not disobedient⁵⁸ to the heavenly⁵⁹ vision, 26:20 but I declared to those in Damascus first, and then to those in Jerusalem and in all Judea,⁶⁰ and to the Gentiles, that they should repent and turn to God,⁶¹ performing deeds consistent with⁶² repentance. 26:21 For this reason the Jews seized me in the temple courts⁶³ and were trying to kill me. 26:22 I have experienced⁶⁴ help from God to this day, and so I stand testifying to both small and great, saying nothing except⁶⁵ what the prophets and Moses said⁶⁶ was going to happen: 26:23 that⁶⁷ the Christ⁶⁸ was to suffer and be the first to rise from the dead, to proclaim light both to our people⁶⁹ and to the Gentiles.”⁷⁰

26:24 As Paul⁷¹ was saying these things in his defense, Festus⁷² exclaimed loudly, “You have lost your mind,⁷³ Paul! Your great learning is driving you insane!” 26:25 But Paul replied,⁷⁴ “I have not lost my mind, most excellent Festus,⁷⁵ but am speaking⁷⁶ true and rational⁷⁷ words. 26:26 For the king knows about these things, and I am speaking freely⁷⁸ to him,⁷⁹ because I cannot believe⁸⁰ that any of these things has escaped his notice,⁸¹ for this was not done in a corner.⁸² 26:27 Do you believe the prophets,⁸³ King Agrippa?⁸⁴ I know that you believe.” 26:28 Agrippa⁸⁵ said to Paul, “In such a short time are you persuading me to become a Christian?”⁸⁶ 26:29 Paul replied, “I pray to God that whether in a short or a long time⁸⁷ not only you but also all those who are listening to me today could become such as I am, except for these chains.”⁸⁸

26:30 So the king got up, and with him the governor and Bernice and those sitting with them, 26:31 and as they were leaving they said to one another,⁸⁹ “This man is not doing anything deserving⁹⁰ death or imprisonment.” 26:32 Agrippa⁹¹ said to Festus,⁹² “This man could have been released⁹³ if he had not appealed to Caesar.”⁹⁴

Paul and Company Sail for Rome

27:1 When it was decided we⁹⁵ would sail to Italy,⁹⁶ they handed over Paul and some other prisoners to a centurion⁹⁷ of the Augustan Cohort⁹⁸ named Julius. 27:2 We went on board⁹⁹ a ship from Adramyttium¹⁰⁰ that was about to sail to various ports¹⁰¹ along the coast of the province of Asia¹⁰² and put out to sea,¹⁰³ accompanied by Aristarchus, a Macedonian¹⁰⁴ from Thessalonica.¹⁰⁵ 27:3 The next day we put in¹⁰⁶ at Sidon,¹⁰⁷ and Julius, treating Paul kindly,¹⁰⁸ allowed him to go to his friends so they could provide him with what he needed.¹⁰⁹ 27:4 From there we put out to sea¹¹⁰ and sailed under the lee¹¹¹ of Cyprus because the winds were against us. 27:5 After we had sailed across the open sea¹¹² off Cilicia and Pamphylia,¹¹³ we put in¹¹⁴ at Myra¹¹⁵ in Lycia.¹¹⁶ 27:6 There the centurion¹¹⁷ found¹¹⁸ a ship from Alexandria¹¹⁹ sailing for Italy, and he put us aboard it. 27:7 We sailed slowly¹²⁰ for many days and arrived with difficulty off Cnidus.¹²¹ Because the wind prevented us from going any farther,¹²² we sailed under the lee¹²³ of Crete off Salmone.¹²⁴ 27:8 With difficulty we sailed along the coast¹²⁵ of Crete¹²⁶ and came to a place called Fair Havens that was near the town of Lasea.¹²⁷

Caught in a Violent Storm

27:9 Since considerable time had passed and the voyage was now dangerous¹²⁸ because the fast¹²⁹ was already over,¹³⁰ Paul advised them,¹³¹ 27:10 “Men, I can see the voyage is going to end¹³² in disaster¹³³ and great loss not only of the cargo and the ship, but also of our lives.”¹³⁴ 27:11 But the centurion¹³⁵ was more convinced¹³⁶ by the captain¹³⁷ and the ship’s owner than by what Paul said.¹³⁸ 27:12 Because the harbor was not suitable to spend the winter in, the majority decided¹³⁹ to put out to sea¹⁴⁰ from there. They hoped that¹⁴¹ somehow they could reach¹⁴² Phoenix,¹⁴³ a harbor of Crete facing¹⁴⁴ southwest and northwest, and spend the winter there. 27:13 When a gentle south wind sprang up, they thought¹⁴⁵ they could carry out¹⁴⁶ their purpose, so they weighed anchor¹⁴⁷ and sailed close along the coast¹⁴⁸ of Crete. 27:14 Not long after this, a hurricane-force¹⁴⁹ wind called the northeaster¹⁵⁰ blew down from the island.¹⁵¹ 27:15 When the ship was caught in it¹⁵² and could not head into¹⁵³ the wind, we gave way to it and were driven¹⁵⁴ along. 27:16 As we ran under the lee of¹⁵⁵ a small island called Cauda,¹⁵⁶ we were able with difficulty to get the ship’s boat¹⁵⁷ under control. 27:17 After the crew¹⁵⁸ had hoisted it aboard,¹⁵⁹ they used supports¹⁶⁰ to undergird the ship. Fearing they would run aground¹⁶¹ on the Syrtis,¹⁶² they lowered the sea anchor,¹⁶³ thus letting themselves be driven along. 27:18 The next day, because we were violently battered by the storm,¹⁶⁴ they began throwing the cargo overboard,¹⁶⁵ 27:19 and on the third day they threw the ship’s gear¹⁶⁶ overboard with their own hands. 27:20 When neither sun nor stars appeared for many days and a violent¹⁶⁷ storm continued to batter us,¹⁶⁸ we finally abandoned all hope of being saved.¹⁶⁹

27:21 Since many of them had no desire to eat,¹⁷⁰ Paul¹⁷¹ stood up¹⁷² among them and said, “Men, you should have listened to me¹⁷³ and not put out to sea¹⁷⁴ from Crete, thus avoiding¹⁷⁵ this damage and loss. 27:22 And now I advise¹⁷⁶ you to keep up your courage, for there will be no loss of life among you, but only the ship will be lost.¹⁷⁷ 27:23 For last night an angel of the God to whom I belong¹⁷⁸ and whom I serve¹⁷⁹ came to me¹⁸⁰ 27:24 and said,¹⁸¹ ‘Do not be afraid, Paul! You must stand before¹⁸² Caesar,¹⁸³ and God has graciously granted you the safety¹⁸⁴ of all who are sailing with you.’ 27:25 Therefore keep up your courage, men, for I have faith in God¹⁸⁵ that it will be just as I have been told. 27:26 But we must¹⁸⁶ run aground on some island.”

27:27 When the fourteenth night had come, while we were being driven¹⁸⁷ across the Adriatic Sea,¹⁸⁸ about midnight the sailors suspected they were approaching some land.¹⁸⁹ 27:28 They took soundings¹⁹⁰ and found the water was twenty fathoms¹⁹¹ deep; when they had sailed a little farther¹⁹² they took soundings again and found it was fifteen fathoms¹⁹³ deep. 27:29 Because they were afraid¹⁹⁴ that we would run aground on the rocky coast,¹⁹⁵ they threw out¹⁹⁶ four anchors from the stern and wished¹⁹⁷ for day to appear.¹⁹⁸ 27:30 Then when the sailors tried to escape from the ship and were lowering the ship’s boat into the sea, pretending¹⁹⁹ that they were going to put out anchors from the bow, 27:31 Paul said to the centurion²⁰⁰ and the soldiers, “Unless these men stay with the ship, you²⁰¹ cannot be saved.” 27:32 Then the soldiers cut the ropes²⁰² of the ship’s boat and let it drift away.²⁰³

27:33 As day was about to dawn,²⁰⁴ Paul urged them all to take some food, saying, “Today is the fourteenth day you have been in suspense²⁰⁵ and have gone²⁰⁶ without food; you have eaten nothing.²⁰⁷ 27:34 Therefore I urge you to take some food, for this is important²⁰⁸ for your survival.²⁰⁹ For not one of you will lose a hair from his head.” 27:35 After he said this, Paul²¹⁰ took bread²¹¹ and gave thanks to God in front of them all,²¹² broke²¹³ it, and began to eat. 27:36 So all of them were encouraged and took food themselves. 27:37 (We were in all two hundred seventy-six²¹⁴ persons on the ship.)²¹⁵ 27:38 When they had eaten enough to be satisfied,²¹⁶ they lightened the ship by throwing the wheat²¹⁷ into the sea.

Paul is Shipwrecked

27:39 When day came, they did not recognize the land, but they noticed²¹⁸ a bay²¹⁹ with a beach,²²⁰ where they decided to run the ship aground if they could. 27:40 So they slipped²²¹ the anchors²²² and left them in the sea, at the same time loosening the linkage²²³ that bound the steering oars²²⁴ together. Then they hoisted²²⁵ the foresail²²⁶ to the wind and steered toward²²⁷ the beach. 27:41 But they encountered a patch of crosscurrents²²⁸ and ran the ship aground; the bow stuck fast and could not be moved, but the stern was being broken up by the force²²⁹ of the waves. 27:42 Now the soldiers’ plan was to kill the prisoners²³⁰ so that none of them would escape by swimming away.²³¹ 27:43 But the centurion,²³² wanting to save Paul’s life,²³³ prevented them from carrying out their plan. He ordered those who could swim to jump overboard first and get to land,²³⁴ 27:44 and the rest were to follow,²³⁵ some on planks²³⁶ and some on pieces of the ship.²³⁷ And in this way²³⁸ all were brought safely to land.

Paul on Malta

28:1 After we had safely reached shore,²³⁹ we learned that the island was called Malta.²⁴⁰ 28:2 The local inhabitants²⁴¹ showed us extraordinary²⁴² kindness, for they built a fire and welcomed us all because it had started to rain²⁴³ and was cold. 28:3 When Paul had gathered a bundle of brushwood²⁴⁴ and was putting it on the fire, a viper came out because of the heat and fastened itself on his hand. 28:4 When the local people²⁴⁵ saw the creature hanging from Paul’s²⁴⁶ hand, they said to one another, “No doubt this man is a murderer! Although he has escaped from the sea, Justice herself²⁴⁷ has not allowed him to live!”²⁴⁸ 28:5 However,²⁴⁹ Paul²⁵⁰ shook²⁵¹ the creature off into the fire and suffered no harm. 28:6 But they were expecting that he was going to swell up²⁵² or suddenly drop dead. So after they had waited²⁵³ a long time and had seen²⁵⁴ nothing unusual happen²⁵⁵ to him, they changed their minds²⁵⁶ and said he was a god.²⁵⁷

28:7 Now in the region around that place²⁵⁸ were fields belonging to the chief official²⁵⁹ of the island, named Publius, who welcomed us and entertained us hospitably as guests for three days. 28:8 The father²⁶⁰ of Publius lay sick in bed, suffering from fever and dysentery. Paul went in to see him²⁶¹ and after praying, placed²⁶² his hands on him and healed²⁶³ him. 28:9 After this had happened, many of the people on the island who were sick²⁶⁴ also came and were healed.²⁶⁵ 28:10 They also bestowed many honors,²⁶⁶ and when we were preparing to sail,²⁶⁷ they gave²⁶⁸ us all the supplies we needed.²⁶⁹

Paul Finally Reaches Rome

28:11 After three months we put out to sea²⁷⁰ in an Alexandrian ship that had wintered at the island and had the “Heavenly Twins”²⁷¹ as its figurehead.²⁷² 28:12 We put in²⁷³ at Syracuse²⁷⁴ and stayed there three days. 28:13 From there we cast off²⁷⁵ and arrived at Rhegium,²⁷⁶ and after one day a south wind sprang up²⁷⁷ and on the second day we came to Puteoli.²⁷⁸ 28:14 There²⁷⁹ we found²⁸⁰ some brothers²⁸¹ and were invited to stay with them seven days. And in this way we came to Rome.²⁸² 28:15 The brothers from there,²⁸³ when they heard about us, came as far as the Forum of Appius²⁸⁴ and Three Taverns²⁸⁵ to meet us. When he saw them,²⁸⁶ Paul thanked God and took courage. 28:16 When we entered Rome, Paul was allowed to live²⁸⁷ by himself, with the soldier who was guarding him.

Paul Addresses the Jewish Community in Rome

28:17 After three days²⁸⁸ Paul²⁸⁹ called the local Jewish leaders²⁹⁰ together. When they had assembled, he said to them, “Brothers,²⁹¹ although I had done²⁹² nothing against our people or the customs of our ancestors,²⁹³ from Jerusalem²⁹⁴ I was handed over as a prisoner to the Romans.²⁹⁵ 28:18 When²⁹⁶ they had heard my case,²⁹⁷ they wanted to release me,²⁹⁸ because there was no basis for a death sentence²⁹⁹ against me. 28:19 But when the Jews objected,³⁰⁰ I was forced to appeal to Caesar³⁰¹ – not that I had some charge to bring³⁰² against my own people.³⁰³ 28:20 So for this reason I have asked to see you and speak with you, for I am bound with this chain because of the hope of Israel.”³⁰⁴ 28:21 They replied,³⁰⁵ “We have received no letters from Judea about you, nor have any of the brothers come from there³⁰⁶ and reported or said anything bad about you. 28:22 But we would like to hear from you what you think, for regarding this sect we know³⁰⁷ that people³⁰⁸ everywhere speak against³⁰⁹ it.”

28:23 They set³¹⁰ a day to meet with him,³¹¹ and they came to him where he was staying³¹² in even greater numbers.³¹³ From morning until evening he explained things³¹⁴ to them,³¹⁵ testifying³¹⁶ about the kingdom of God³¹⁷ and trying to convince³¹⁸ them about Jesus from both the law of Moses and the prophets. 28:24 Some were convinced³¹⁹ by what he said,³²⁰ but others refused³²¹ to believe. 28:25 So they began to leave,³²² unable to agree among themselves, after Paul made one last statement: “The Holy Spirit spoke rightly to your ancestors³²³ through the prophet Isaiah 28:26 when he said,

‘Go to this people and say,

“You will keep on hearing,³²⁴ but will never understand,

and you will keep on looking,³²⁵ but will never perceive.

28:27 For the heart of this people has become dull,³²⁶

and their ears are hard of hearing,³²⁷

and they have closed their eyes,

so that they would not see with their eyes

and hear with their ears

and understand with their heart

and turn,³²⁸ and I would heal them.”’³²⁹

28:28 “Therefore be advised³³⁰ that this salvation from God³³¹ has been sent to the Gentiles;³³² they³³³ will listen!”

28:29 [[EMPTY]]³³⁴

28:30 Paul³³⁵ lived³³⁶ there two whole years in his own rented quarters³³⁷ and welcomed³³⁸ all who came to him, 28:31 proclaiming the kingdom of God and teaching about the Lord Jesus Christ³³⁹ with complete boldness³⁴⁰ and without restriction.³⁴¹

[26:1] ¹sn See the note on King Agrippa in 25:13.

[26:1] ²tn Grk “It is permitted for you.”

[26:1] ³tn Or “extended his hand” (a speaker’s gesture).

[26:1] ⁴tn Or “and began to speak in his own defense.”

[26:2] ⁵sn See the note on King Agrippa in 25:13.

[26:3] ⁶tn BDAG 613 s.v. μάλιστα 1 states, “μ. γνώστην ὄντα σε since you are outstandingly familiar Ac 26:3.”

[26:3] ⁷tn Grk “several controversial issues.” BDAG 428 s.v. ζήτημα states, “in our lit. only in Ac, w. the mng. it still has in Mod. Gk. (controversial) question, issue, argument…Ac 15:2; 26:3. ζ. περί τινος questions about someth.…18:15; 25:19.”

[26:3] ⁸tn BDAG 218 s.v. δέομαι states, “In our lit. only w. the mng. to ask for something pleadingly, ask, request,” and then in section a.α states, “w. inf. foll.…Ac 26:3.”

[26:4] ⁹tn Grk “my manner of life.”

[26:4] ¹⁰tn Or “nation.”

[26:4] ¹¹map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[26:5] ¹²tn These words are repeated from v. 4 (“all the Jews know”). Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, it was necessary to begin a new sentence at the beginning of v. 5 in the translation, but for this to make sense, the main verb ἵσασι ({isasi) has to be repeated to connect with the ὅτι (Joti) clause (indirect discourse) in v. 5.

[26:5] ¹³tn Grk “having known me from time past.” The participle προγινώσκοντες (proginwskonte") has been translated as a causal adverbial participle.

[26:5] ¹⁴tn BDAG 866 s.v. προγινώσκω 2 has “Know from time past…προγινώσκοντές με ἄνωθεν Ac 26:5.” L&N 28.6 states, “‘they have already known me beforehand, if they are willing to testify’ Ac 26:5.”

[26:5] ¹⁵tn That is, strictest religious party. “Party” alone is used in the translation because “the strictest religious party of our religion” would be redundant.

[26:5] ¹⁶sn See the note on Pharisee in 5:34.

[26:6] ¹⁷tn BDAG 568 s.v. κρίνω 5.a.α has “κρίνεσθαι ἐπί τινι be on trial because of a thing Ac 26:6.”

[26:6] ¹⁸tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”

[26:7] ¹⁹tn Grk “to which [promise] our twelve tribes…” The antecedent of the relative pronoun (the promise in v. 6) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[26:7] ²⁰tn Or “earnestly worship.” The object of this service, God, is omitted but implied: BDAG 587 s.v. λατρεύω states, “Without the dat. of the one to whom service is given: ἐν ἐκτενείᾳ νύκτα κ. ἡμέραν λ. serve (God) earnestly night and day Ac 26:7.” Although clear from the context in Greek, “God” must be supplied as the recipient of the service for the modern English reader.

[26:7] ²¹tn Grk “I am being accused by the Jews.” The passive construction was simplified by converting it to an active one in the translation.

[26:7] ²²tn Grk “O King!”

[26:8] ²³tn The word “people” is not in the Greek text, but has been supplied to indicate that the second person pronoun (“you”) is plural (others in addition to King Agrippa are being addressed).

[26:8] ²⁴tn BDAG 568 s.v. κρίνω 3 states, “τί ἄπιστον κρίνεται παρ᾿ ὑμῖν; why do you think it is incredible? Ac 26:8.” The passive construction (“why is it thought unbelievable…”) has been converted to an active one to simplify the translation.

[26:8] ²⁵tn Or “incredible.” BDAG 103 s.v. ἄπιστος 1 states, “unbelievable, incredible…τί ἄπιστον κρίνεται παρ᾿ ὑμῖν…; why does it seem incredible to you? Ac 26:8.”

[26:8] ²⁶tn Grk “if.” The first-class conditional construction, which assumes reality for the sake of argument, has been translated as indirect discourse.

[26:9] ²⁷tn BDAG 737 s.v. οὖν 3 states, “It has been proposed that some traces of older Gk. usage in which οὖν is emphatic, = certainly, really, to be sure etc. (s. L-S-J-M s.v. 1) remain in the pap…and in the NT…indeed, of course Ac 26:9.”

[26:9] ²⁸tn Grk “I thought to myself.” BDAG 255 s.v. δοκέω 2.a has “ἔδοξα ἐμαυτῷ δεῖν πρᾶξαι = Lat. mihi videbar I was convinced that it was necessary to do Ac 26:9.”

[26:10] ²⁹tn Grk “by receiving authority.” The participle λαβών (labwn) has been taken instrumentally.

[26:10] ³⁰tn Grk “cast down a pebble against them.” L&N 30.103 states, “(an idiom, Grk ‘to bring a pebble against someone,’ a reference to a white or black pebble used in voting for or against someone) to make known one’s choice against someone – ‘to vote against.’ …‘when they were sentenced to death, I also voted against them’ Ac 26:10.”

[26:10] ³¹tn Grk “when they were being executed”; but the context supports the sentencing rather than the execution itself (cf. L&N 30.103).

[26:11] ³²tn Grk “and punishing…I tried.” The participle τιμωρῶν (timwrwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.

[26:11] ³³sn See the note on synagogue in 6:9.

[26:11] ³⁴tn The imperfect verb ἠνάγκαζον (hnankazon) has been translated as a conative imperfect (so BDAG 60 s.v. ἀναγκάζω 1, which has “ἠνάγκαζον βλασφημεῖν I tried to force them to blaspheme Ac 26:11”).

[26:11] ³⁵tn Or “was so insanely angry with them.” BDAG 322 s.v. ἐμμαίνομαι states, “to be filled with such anger that one appears to be mad, be enraged…περισσῶς ἐμμαινόμενος αὐτοῖς being furiously enraged at them Ac 26:11”; L&N 88.182 s.v. ἐμμαίνομαι, “to be so furiously angry with someone as to be almost out of one’s mind – ‘to be enraged, to be infuriated, to be insanely angry’ …‘I was so infuriated with them that I even went to foreign cities to persecute them’ Ac 26:11.”

[26:11] ³⁶tn Or “I pursued them even as far as foreign cities.”

[26:12] ³⁷tn Grk “in which [activity].” Due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started at the beginning of v. 12 in the translation. The referent of the relative pronoun (“which”) was specified as “this very thing” for clarity.

[26:12] ³⁸tn Grk “going.” The participle πορευόμενος (poreuomenos) has been taken temporally.

[26:12] ³⁹tn L&N 37.40 s.v. ἐπιτροπή states, “the full authority to carry out an assignment or commission – ‘authority, complete power.’ πορευόμενος εἰς τὴν Δαμασκὸν μετ᾿ ἐξουσίας καὶ ἐπιτροπῆς τῶν ἀρχιερέων ‘going to Damascus with authority and complete power from the high priests’ Ac 26:12. In Ac 26:12 the combination of ἐξουσία and ἐπιτροπή serves to reinforce the sense of complete authority.”

[26:13] ⁴⁰tn Grk “O King.”

[26:13] ⁴¹tn Or “from the sky” (the same Greek word means both “heaven” and “sky”).

[26:13] ⁴²tn The word “everywhere” has been supplied in the translation to clarify the meaning of περιλάμψαν (perilamyan). Otherwise the modern reader might think that each of the individuals were encircled by lights or halos. See also Acts 9:7; 22:6, 9.

[26:14] ⁴³tn Grk “in the Hebrew language.” See Acts 22:7 and 9:4.

[26:14] ⁴⁴tn Grk “It is hard for you.”

[26:14] ⁴⁵tn “Goads” are pointed sticks used to direct a draft animal (an idiom for stubborn resistance). See BDAG 539-40 s.v. κέντρον 2.

[26:14] sn Sayings which contain the imagery used here (kicking against the goads) were also found in Greek writings; see Pindar, Pythians 2.94-96; Euripides, Bacchae 795.

[26:15] ⁴⁶tn Grk “said.”

[26:16] ⁴⁷tn L&N 30.89 has “‘to choose in advance, to select beforehand, to designate in advance.’”

[26:16] ⁴⁸sn As a servant and witness. The commission is similar to Acts 1:8 and Luke 1:2. Paul was now an “eyewitness” of the Lord.

[26:16] ⁴⁹tn BDAG 719 s.v. ὁράω A.1.b states, “W. attraction of the relative ὧν = τούτων ἅ Lk 9:36; Ac 22:15. The attraction may be due to colloq. breviloquence in μάρτυρα ὧν τε εἶδες με ὧν τε ὀφθήσομαί σοι a witness to the things in which you saw me and to those in which I shall appear to you Ac 26:16b.”

[26:16] ⁵⁰tc ‡ Some mss read “of the things in which you have seen me.” The accusative object με (me, “me”) is found after εἶδές (eide") in B C*^vid 614 945 1175 1505 1739 1891 2464 pc sy sa; it is lacking in Ì⁷⁴ א A C² E Ψ 096 Ï latt bo. The external evidence is relatively evenly divided, though there is a slight preference for the omission. NA²⁷ includes the word in brackets, indicating some doubt as to its authenticity.

[26:17] ⁵¹tn Grk “rescuing.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the participle ἐξαιρούμενος (exairoumeno") has been translated as a finite verb and a new sentence started in the translation at the beginning of v. 17.

[26:17] ⁵²tn That is, from the Jewish people. Grk “the people”; the words “your own” have been supplied to clarify the meaning.

[26:17] ⁵³tn The antecedent of the relative pronoun is probably both the Jews (“your own people”) and the Gentiles, indicating the comprehensive commission Paul received.

[26:18] ⁵⁴sn To open their eyes so that they turn… Here is Luke’s most comprehensive report of Paul’s divine calling. His role was to call humanity to change their position before God and experience God’s forgiveness as a part of God’s family. The image of turning is a key one in the NT: Luke 1:79; Rom 2:19; 13:12; 2 Cor 4:6; 6:14; Eph 5:8; Col 1:12; 1 Thess 5:5. See also Luke 1:77-79; 3:3; 24:47.

[26:18] ⁵⁵tn BDAG 352-53 s.v. ἐξουσία 2 states, “Also of Satan’s power Ac 26:18.” It is also possible to translate this “the domain of Satan” (cf. BDAG 353 s.v. 6)

[26:18] ⁵⁶tn Or “and an inheritance.”

[26:19] ⁵⁷sn See the note on King Agrippa in 25:13.

[26:19] ⁵⁸sn I was not disobedient. Paul’s defense is that he merely obeyed the risen Jesus. He was arrested for obeying heavenly direction and preaching the opportunity to turn to God.

[26:19] ⁵⁹tn According to L&N 1.5, “In Ac 26:19 the adjective οὐράνιος could be interpreted as being related simply to the meaning of οὐρανός^a ‘sky,’ but it seems preferable to regard οὐράνιος in this context as meaning simply ‘from heaven’ or ‘heavenly.’”

[26:20] ⁶⁰tn BDAG 1093-94 s.v. χώρα 2.b states, “of the provincial name (1 Macc 8:3) ἡ χώρα τῆς ᾿Ιουδαίας Ac 26:20.”

[26:20] ⁶¹sn That they should repent and turn to God. This is the shortest summary of Paul’s message that he preached.

[26:20] ⁶²tn BDAG 93 s.v. ἄξιος 1.b, “καρποὶ ἄ. τῆς μετανοίας fruits in keeping with your repentance…Lk 3:8; Mt 3:8. For this ἄ. τῆς μετανοίας ἔργα Ac 26:20.” Note how Paul preached the gospel offer and the issue of response together, side by side.

[26:21] ⁶³tn Grk “in the temple.” This is actually a reference to the courts surrounding the temple proper, and has been translated accordingly.

[26:22] ⁶⁴tn Grk “So experiencing…I stand.” The participle τυχών (tucwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[26:22] ⁶⁵tn BDAG 311 s.v. ἐκτός 3.b, “functions as prep. w. gen. οὐδὲν ἐ. ὧν nothing except what (cf. 1 Ch 29:3; 2 Ch 17:19; TestNapht. 6:2) Ac 26:22.”

[26:22] ⁶⁶sn What the prophets and Moses said. Paul argued that his message reflected the hope of the Jewish scriptures.

[26:23] ⁶⁷tn BDAG 277-78 s.v. εἰ 2 has “marker of an indirect question as content, that…Sim. also (Procop. Soph., Ep. 123 χάριν ἔχειν εἰ = that) μαρτυρόμενος…εἰ παθητὸς ὁ Χριστός testifying…that the Christ was to suffer…Ac 26:23.”

[26:23] ⁶⁸tn Or “the Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”

[26:23] sn See the note on Christ in 2:31.

[26:23] ⁶⁹tn That is, to the Jewish people. Grk “the people”; the word “our” has been supplied to clarify the meaning.

[26:23] ⁷⁰sn Note how the context of Paul’s gospel message about Jesus, resurrection, and light both to Jews and to the Gentiles is rooted in the prophetic message of the OT scriptures. Paul was guilty of following God’s call and preaching the scriptural hope.

[26:24] ⁷¹tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[26:24] ⁷²sn See the note on Porcius Festus in 24:27.

[26:24] ⁷³tn On the term translated “lost your mind” see BDAG 610 s.v. μαίνομαι, which has “you’re out of your mind, you’re raving, said to one whose enthusiasm seems to have outrun better judgment 26:24.”

[26:24] sn The expression “You have lost your mind” would be said to someone who speaks incredible things, in the opinion of the hearer. Paul’s mention of the resurrection (v. 23) was probably what prompted Festus to say this.

[26:25] ⁷⁴tn Grk “said.”

[26:25] ⁷⁵sn See the note on Porcius Festus in 24:27.

[26:25] ⁷⁶tn Or “declaring.” BDAG 125 s.v. ἀποφθέγγομαι states, “speak out, declare boldly or loudly…τὶ: σωφροσύνης ῥήματα Ac 26:25.”

[26:25] ⁷⁷tn BDAG 987 s.v. σωφροσύνη 1 has “gener. soundness of mind, reasonableness, rationality…ἀληθείας καὶ σωφροσύνης ῥήματα true and rational words (opp. μαίνομαι) Ac 26:25.”

[26:26] ⁷⁸tn BDAG 782 s.v. παρρησιάζομαι 1 states, “speak freely, openly, fearlessly…likew. in the ptc. w. a verb of saying foll.…παρρησιασάμενοι εἶπαν 13:46. – 26:26.” This could refer to boldness in speaking here.

[26:26] ⁷⁹tn Grk “to whom I am speaking freely.” The relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced by the personal pronoun (“him”) to simplify the translation.

[26:26] ⁸⁰tn Grk “I cannot convince myself.” BDAG 792 s.v. πείθω 3.a states, “οὐ πείθομαι w. acc. and inf. I cannot believe Ac 26:26” (see also BDAG 586 s.v. λανθάνω).

[26:26] ⁸¹tn BDAG 586 s.v. λανθάνω states, “λανθάνειν αὐτὸν τούτων οὐ πείθομαι οὐθέν I cannot bring myself to believe that any of these things has escaped his notice Ac 26:26.”

[26:26] ⁸²tn This term refers to a hidden corner (BDAG 209 s.v. γωνία). Paul’s point is that these events to which he refers were not done in a secret, hidden place, tucked away outside of view. They were done in public for all the world to see.

[26:27] ⁸³sn “Do you believe the prophets?” Note how Paul made the issue believing the OT prophets and God’s promise which God fulfilled in Christ. He was pushing King Agrippa toward a decision not for or against Paul’s guilt of any crime, but concerning Paul’s message.

[26:27] ⁸⁴sn See the note on King Agrippa in 25:13.

[26:28] ⁸⁵sn See the note on King Agrippa in 25:13.

[26:28] ⁸⁶tn Or “In a short time you will make me a Christian.” On the difficulty of the precise nuances of Agrippa’s reply in this passage, see BDAG 791 s.v. πείθω 1.b. The idiom is like 1 Kgs 21:7 LXX. The point is that Paul was trying to persuade Agrippa to accept his message. If Agrippa had let Paul persuade him, he would have converted to Christianity.

[26:28] sn The question “In such a short time are you persuading me to become a Christian?” was probably a ploy on Agrippa’s part to deflect Paul from his call for a decision. Note also how the tables have turned: Agrippa was brought in to hear Paul’s defense, and now ends up defending himself. The questioner is now being questioned.

[26:29] ⁸⁷tn BDAG 703 s.v. ὀλίγος 2.b.β has “καὶ ἐν ὀλ. καὶ ἐν μεγάλῳ whether in a short or a long time vs. 29 (cf. B-D-F §195; GWhitaker, The Words of Agrippa to St. Paul: JTS 15, 1914, 82f; AFridrichsen, SymbOsl 14, ’35, 50; Field, Notes 141-43; s. Rob. 653).”

[26:29] ⁸⁸sn Except for these chains. The chains represented Paul’s unjust suffering for the sake of the message. His point was, in effect, “I do not care how long it takes. I only hope you and everyone else hearing this would become believers in Christ, but without my unjust suffering.”

[26:31] ⁸⁹tn Grk “they spoke to one another saying.” The participle λέγοντες (legontes) is redundant in English and has not been translated.

[26:31] ⁹⁰tn BDAG 93 s.v. ἄξιος 1.b has “θανάτου ἢ δεσμῶν ἄ. nothing deserving death or imprisonment 23:29; 26:31.”

[26:31] sn Not doing anything deserving death… Here is yet another declaration of Paul’s innocence, but still no release. The portrayal shows how unjust Paul’s confinement was.

[26:32] ⁹¹sn See the note on King Agrippa in 25:13.

[26:32] ⁹²sn See the note on Porcius Festus in 24:27.

[26:32] ⁹³tn Or “set free.”

[26:32] ⁹⁴tn Or “to the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).

[26:32] sn If he had not appealed to Caesar. Ultimately Agrippa and Festus blamed what Paul himself had done in appealing to Caesar for his own continued custody. In terms of Luke’s narrative, this still appears unjust and a denial of responsibility.

[27:1] ⁹⁵sn The last “we” section in Acts begins here and extends to 28:16 (the previous one ended at 21:18).

[27:1] ⁹⁶sn Sail to Italy. This voyage with its difficulty serves to show how God protected Paul on his long journey to Rome. From the perspective of someone in Palestine, this may well picture “the end of the earth” quite literally (cf. Acts 1:8).

[27:1] ⁹⁷sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[27:1] ⁹⁸tn According to BDAG 917 s.v. σεβαστός, “In σπεῖρα Σεβαστή 27:1 (cp. OGI 421) Σεβαστή is likew. an exact transl. of Lat. Augusta, an honorary title freq. given to auxiliary troops (Ptolem. renders it Σεβαστή in connection w. three legions that bore it: 2, 3, 30; 2, 9, 18; 4, 3, 30) imperial cohort.” According to W. Foerster (TDNT 7:175), “In Ac. 27:1 the σπεῖρα Σεβαστή is an expression also found elsewhere for ‘auxiliary troops.’” In no case would this refer to a special imperial bodyguard, and to translate “imperial regiment” or “imperial cohort” might give this impression. There is some archaeological evidence for a Cohors Augusta I stationed in Syria during the time of Augustus, but whether this is the same unit is very debatable.

[27:1] sn The Augustan Cohort. A cohort was a Roman military unit of about 600 soldiers, one-tenth of a legion. There is considerable debate over the identification of this particular cohort and the meaning of the title Augustan mentioned here. These may well have been auxiliary (provincial) troops given the honorary title.

[27:2] ⁹⁹tn Grk “Going on board.” The participle ἐπιβάντες (epibante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:2] ¹⁰⁰sn Adramyttium was a seaport in Mysia on the western coast of Asia Minor.

[27:2] ¹⁰¹tn Grk “places.”

[27:2] ¹⁰²tn Grk “Asia”; in the NT this always refers to the Roman province of Asia, made up of about one-third of the west and southwest end of modern Asia Minor. Asia lay to the west of the region of Phrygia and Galatia. The words “the province of” are supplied to indicate to the modern reader that this does not refer to the continent of Asia.

[27:2] ¹⁰³tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4 states, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”

[27:2] sn Although not explicitly stated, the ship put out to sea from the port of Caesarea (where the previous events had taken place (cf. 25:13) and then sailed along the Asiatic coast (the first stop was Sidon, v. 3).

[27:2] ¹⁰⁴sn A Macedonian. The city of Thessalonica (modern Salonica) was in the Roman province of Macedonia in Greece.

[27:2] ¹⁰⁵map For location see JP1 C1; JP2 C1; JP3 C1; JP4 C1.

[27:3] ¹⁰⁶tn BDAG 516 s.v. κατάγω states, “Hence the pass., in act. sense, of ships and seafarers put in εἴς τι at a harbor…εἰς Σιδῶνα Ac 27:3.”

[27:3] ¹⁰⁷sn Sidon is another seaport 75 mi (120 km) north of Caesarea.

[27:3] map For location see Map1 A1; JP3 F3; JP4 F3.

[27:3] ¹⁰⁸tn BDAG 1056 s.v. φιλανθρώπως states, “benevolently, kindly φιλανθρώπως χρῆσθαί (τινι) treat someone in kindly fashion…Ac 27:3.”

[27:3] sn Treating Paul kindly. Paul’s treatment followed the pattern of the earlier imprisonment (cf. Acts 24:23).

[27:3] ¹⁰⁹tn Grk “to go to his friends to be cared for.” The scene is an indication of Christian hospitality.

[27:4] ¹¹⁰tn Grk “putting out to sea.” The participle ἀναχθέντες (anacqente") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4 states, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”

[27:4] ¹¹¹tn BDAG 1040 s.v. ὑποπλέω states, “sail under the lee of an island, i.e. in such a way that the island protects the ship fr. the wind Ac 27:4, 7.” Thus they were east and north of the island.

[27:5] ¹¹²tn Grk “the depths,” the deep area of a sea far enough from land that it is not protected by the coast (L&N 1.73).

[27:5] ¹¹³sn Pamphylia was a province in the southern part of Asia Minor; it was west of Cilicia (see BDAG 753 s.v. Παμφυλία).

[27:5] ¹¹⁴tn BDAG 531 s.v. κατέρχομαι 2 states, “Of ships and those who sail in them, who ‘come down’ fr. the ‘high seas’: arrive, put in…ἔις τι at someth. a harbor 18:22; 21:3; 27:5.”

[27:5] ¹¹⁵sn Myra was a city on the southern coast of Lycia in Asia Minor. This journey from Sidon (v. 3) was 440 mi (700 km) and took about 15 days.

[27:5] ¹¹⁶sn Lycia was the name of a peninsula on the southern coast of Asia Minor between Caria and Pamphylia.

[27:6] ¹¹⁷sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[27:6] ¹¹⁸tn Grk “finding.” The participle εὑρών (Jeurwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:6] ¹¹⁹sn Alexandria (modern Alexandria) was a great city of northern Egypt which was a center for grain trade to Rome. Therefore this type of travel connection was common at the time. For a winter journey (considered hazardous) there were special bonuses and insurance provided (Suetonius, Life of Claudius 18.1-2).

[27:7] ¹²⁰tn The participle βραδυπλοοῦντες (braduploounte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:7] ¹²¹sn Cnidus was the name of a peninsula on the southwestern coast of Asia Minor. This was about 130 mi (210 km) from Myra.

[27:7] ¹²²tn This genitive absolute construction with προσεῶντος (prosewnto") has been translated as a causal adverbial participle. L&N 13.139 translates the phrase μὴ προσεῶντος ἡμᾶς τοῦ ἀνέμου (mh prosewnto" Jhma" tou anemou) as “the wind would not let us go any farther.”

[27:7] ¹²³tn BDAG 1040 s.v. ὑποπλέω states, “sail under the lee of an island, i.e. in such a way that the island protects the ship fr. the wind Ac 27:4, 7.”

[27:7] ¹²⁴sn Salmone was the name of a promontory on the northeastern corner of the island of Crete. This was about 100 mi (160 km) farther along.

[27:8] ¹²⁵tn Grk “sailing along the coast…we came.” The participle παραλεγόμενοι (paralegomenoi) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. L&N 54.8, “παραλέγομαι: (a technical, nautical term) to sail along beside some object – ‘to sail along the coast, to sail along the shore.’ …‘they sailed along the coast of Crete’ Ac 27:13.”

[27:8] ¹²⁶tn Grk “it”; the referent (Crete) has been supplied in the translation for clarity.

[27:8] ¹²⁷sn Lasea was a city on the southern coast of the island of Crete. This was about 60 mi (96 km) farther.

[27:9] ¹²⁸tn Or “unsafe” (BDAG 383 s.v. ἐπισφαλής). The term is a NT hapax legomenon.

[27:9] ¹²⁹sn The fast refers to the Jewish Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur. It was now into October and the dangerous winter winds would soon occur (Suetonius, Life of Claudius 18; Josephus, J. W. 1.14.2-3 [1.279-281]).

[27:9] ¹³⁰tn The accusative articular infinitive παρεληλυθέναι (parelhluqenai) after the preposition διά (dia) is causal. BDAG 776 s.v. παρέρχομαι 2 has “διὰ τὸ τὴν νηστείαν ἤδη παρεληλυθέναι because the fast was already over Ac 27:9.”

[27:9] ¹³¹tn Grk “Paul advised, saying to them.” The participle λέγων (legwn) is redundant in English and has not been translated. On the term translated “advised,” see BDAG 764 s.v. παραινέω, which usually refers to recommendations.

[27:9] sn Paul advised them. A literary theme surfaces here: Though Paul is under arrest, he will be the one to guide them all through the dangers of the storm and shipwreck, showing clearly God’s presence and protection of him. The story is told in great detail. This literary effect of slowing down the passage of time and narrating with many details serves to add a sense of drama to the events described.

[27:10] ¹³²tn Grk “is going to be with disaster.”

[27:10] ¹³³tn Or “hardship,” “damage.” BDAG 1022 s.v. ὕβρις 3 states, “fig. hardship, disaster, damage caused by the elements…w. ζημία Ac 27:10.”

[27:10] ¹³⁴tn Grk “souls” (here, one’s physical life).

[27:11] ¹³⁵sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[27:11] ¹³⁶tn Or “persuaded.”

[27:11] ¹³⁷tn BDAG 456 s.v. κυβερνήτης 1 has “one who is responsible for the management of a ship, shipmaster…W. ναύκληρος, the ‘shipowner’…Ac 27:11” See further L. Casson, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, 316-18.

[27:11] ¹³⁸tn Grk “than by what was said by Paul.” The passive construction has been converted to an active one to simplify the translation.

[27:11] sn More convinced by the captain and the ship’s owner than by what Paul said. The position taken by the centurion was logical, since he was following “professional” advice. But this was not a normal voyage.

[27:12] ¹³⁹tn BDAG 181-82 s.v. βουλή 2.a, “β. τίθεσθαι (Judg 19:30; Ps 12:3) decide 27:12 (w. inf. foll.).”

[27:12] ¹⁴⁰tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”

[27:12] ¹⁴¹tn Grk “from there, if somehow” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was begun here in the translation and the introductory phrase “They hoped that” supplied (with the subject, “they,” repeated from the previous clause) to make a complete English sentence.

[27:12] ¹⁴²tn Grk “if somehow, reaching Phoenix, they could…” The participle καταντήσαντες (katanthsante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:12] ¹⁴³sn Phoenix was a seaport on the southern coast of the island of Crete. This was about 30 mi (48 km) further west.

[27:12] ¹⁴⁴tn Or “a harbor of Crete open to the southwest and northwest.”

[27:13] ¹⁴⁵tn Grk “thinking.” The participle δόξαντες (doxante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:13] ¹⁴⁶tn Or “accomplish.” L&N 68.29, for κρατέω, has “to be able to complete or finish, presumably despite difficulties – ‘to accomplish, to do successfully, to carry out.’ …‘thinking that they could carry out their purpose’ Ac 27:13.”

[27:13] ¹⁴⁷tn Or “departed.”

[27:13] ¹⁴⁸tn L&N 54.8, “παραλέγομαι: (a technical, nautical term) to sail along beside some object – ‘to sail along the coast, to sail along the shore.’…‘they sailed along the coast of Crete’ Ac 27:13.” With the addition of the adverb ἆσσον (asson) this becomes “sailed close along the coast of Crete.”

[27:14] ¹⁴⁹tn Grk “a wind like a typhoon.” That is, a very violent wind like a typhoon or hurricane (BDAG 1021 s.v. τυφωνικός).

[27:14] ¹⁵⁰sn Or called Euraquilo (the actual name of the wind, a sailor’s term which was a combination of Greek and Latin). According to Strabo (Geography 1.2.21), this was a violent northern wind.

[27:14] ¹⁵¹tn Grk “from it”; the referent (the island) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[27:15] ¹⁵²tn Or “was forced off course.” Grk “The ship being caught in it.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle συναρπασθέντος (sunarpasqento") has been taken temporally; it could also be translated as causal (“Because the ship was caught in it”).

[27:15] ¹⁵³tn BDAG 91 s.v. ἀντοφθαλμέω states, “Metaph. of a ship τοῦ πλοίου μὴ δυναμένοι ἀ. τῷ ἀνέμῳ since the ship was not able to face the wind, i.e. with its bow headed against the forces of the waves Ac 27:15.”

[27:15] ¹⁵⁴sn Caught in the violent wind, the ship was driven along. They were now out of control, at the mercy of the wind and sea.

[27:16] ¹⁵⁵tn BDAG 1042 s.v. ὑποτρέχω states, “run or sail under the lee of, nautical t.t.…Ac 27:16.” The participle ὑποδραμόντες (Jupodramonte") has been taken temporally (“as we ran under the lee of”). While this could also be translated as a participle of means (“by running…”) this might suggest the ship was still under a greater degree of control by its crew than it probably was.

[27:16] ¹⁵⁶sn Cauda. This island was located south of Crete, about 23 mi (36 km) from where they began. There are various ways to spell the island’s name (e.g., Clauda, BDAG 546 s.v. Κλαῦδα).

[27:16] ¹⁵⁷sn The ship’s boat was a small rowboat, normally towed behind a ship in good weather rather than stowed on board. It was used for landings, to maneuver the ship for tacking, and to lay anchors (not a lifeboat in the modern sense, although it could have served as a means of escape for some of the sailors; see v. 30). See L. Casson, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, 248f.

[27:17] ¹⁵⁸tn Grk “After hoisting it up, they…”; the referent (the ship’s crew) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[27:17] ¹⁵⁹tn The participle ἄραντες (arantes) has been taken temporally.

[27:17] ¹⁶⁰tn Possibly “ropes” or “cables”; Grk “helps” (a word of uncertain meaning; probably a nautical technical term, BDAG 180 s.v. βοήθεια 2).

[27:17] ¹⁶¹tn BDAG 308 s.v. ἐκπίπτω 2 states, “drift off course, run aground, nautical term εἴς τι on someth….on the Syrtis 27:17.”

[27:17] ¹⁶²tn That is, on the sandbars and shallows of the Syrtis.

[27:17] sn On the Syrtis. The Syrtis was the name of two gulfs on the North African coast (modern Libya), feared greatly by sailors because of their shifting sandbars and treacherous shallows. The Syrtis here is the so-called Great Syrtis, toward Cyrenaica. It had a horrible reputation as a sailors’ graveyard (Pliny, Natural History 5.26). Josephus (J. W. 2.16.4 [2.381]) says the name alone struck terror in those who heard it. It was near the famous Scylla and Charybdis mentioned in Homer’s Odyssey.

[27:17] ¹⁶³tn Or perhaps “mainsail.” The meaning of this word is uncertain. BDAG 927 s.v. σκεῦος 1 has “τὸ σκεῦος Ac 27:17 seems to be the kedge or driving anchor” while C. Maurer (TDNT 7:362) notes, “The meaning in Ac. 27:17: χαλάσαντες τὸ σκεῦος, is uncertain. Prob. the ref. is not so much to taking down the sails as to throwing the draganchor overboard to lessen the speed of the ship.” In spite of this L&N 6.1 states, “In Ac 27:17, for example, the reference of σκεῦος is generally understood to be the mainsail.” A reference to the sail is highly unlikely because in a storm of the force described in Ac 27:14, the sail would have been taken down and reefed immediately, to prevent its being ripped to shreds or torn away by the gale.

[27:18] ¹⁶⁴tn BDAG 980 s.v. σφόδρῶς states, “very much, greatly, violently…σφ. χειμάζεσθαι be violently beaten by a storm Ac 27:18.”

[27:18] ¹⁶⁵tn Or “jettisoning [the cargo]” (a nautical technical term). The words “the cargo” are not in the Greek text but are implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[27:18] sn The desperation of the sailors in throwing the cargo overboard is reminiscent of Jonah 1:5. At this point they were only concerned with saving themselves.

[27:19] ¹⁶⁶tn Or “rigging,” “tackle”; Grk “the ship’s things.” Here the more abstract “gear” is preferred to “rigging” or “tackle” as a translation for σκεῦος (skeuos) because in v. 40 the sailors are still able to raise the (fore)sail, which they could not have done if the ship’s rigging or tackle had been jettisoned here.

[27:20] ¹⁶⁷tn Grk “no small storm” = a very great storm.

[27:20] ¹⁶⁸tn Grk “no small storm pressing on us.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle ἐπικειμένου (epikeimenou) has been translated as parallel to the previous genitive absolute construction (which was translated as temporal). BDAG 373 s.v. ἐπίκειμαι 2.b states, “of impersonal force confront χειμῶνος ἐπικειμένου since a storm lay upon us Ac 27:20.” L&N 14.2, “‘the stormy weather did not abate in the least’ or ‘the violent storm continued’ Ac 27:20.” To this last was added the idea of “battering” from the notion of “pressing upon” inherent in ἐπίκειμαι (epikeimai).

[27:20] ¹⁶⁹tn Grk “finally all hope that we would be saved was abandoned.” The passive construction has been converted to an active one to simplify the translation. This represents a clearly secular use of the term σῴζω (swzw) in that it refers to deliverance from the storm. At this point those on board the ship gave up hope of survival.

[27:21] ¹⁷⁰tn Or “Since they had no desire to eat for a long time.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle ὑπαρχούσης (Juparcoush") has been translated as a causal adverbial participle. It could also be translated temporally (“When many of them had no desire to eat”). The translation of πολλῆς (pollhs) as a substantized adjective referring to the people on board the ship (“many of them”) rather than a period of time (“for a long time”; so most modern versions) follows BDAG 143 s.v. ἀσιτία, which has “πολλῆς ἀ. ὑπαρχούσης since almost nobody wanted to eat because of anxiety or seasickness…Ac 27:21.” This detail indicates how turbulent things were on board the ship.

[27:21] ¹⁷¹tn Here τότε (tote) is redundant (pleonastic) according to BDAG 1012-13 s.v. τότε 2; thus it has not been translated.

[27:21] ¹⁷²tn Grk “standing up…said.” The participle σταθείς (staqeis) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:21] ¹⁷³tn L&N 36.12 has “πειθαρχήσαντάς μοι μὴ ἀνάγεσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς Κρήτης ‘you should have listened to me and not have sailed from Crete’ Ac 27:21.”

[27:21] sn By saying “you should have listened to me and not put out to sea from Crete” Paul was not “rubbing it in,” but was reasserting his credibility before giving his next recommendation.

[27:21] ¹⁷⁴tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”

[27:21] ¹⁷⁵tn The infinitive κερδῆσαι (kerdhsai) has been translated as resultative.

[27:22] ¹⁷⁶tn The same verb is used for Paul’s original recommendation in Ac 27:9.

[27:22] ¹⁷⁷tn Grk “except the ship.” Here “but” is used to translate the improper preposition πλήν (plhn; see BDAG 826 s.v. πλήν 2) since an exception like this, where two different categories of objects are involved (people and a ship), is more naturally expressed in contemporary English with an adversative (“but”). The words “will be lost” are also supplied for clarity.

[27:22] sn The “prophecy” about the ship serves to underscore Paul’s credibility as an agent of God. Paul addressed his audience carefully and drew attention to the sovereign knowledge of God.

[27:23] ¹⁷⁸tn Grk “of whom I am.” The relative clause with its possessive was translated following L&N 15.86 s.v. παρίσταμαι.

[27:23] ¹⁷⁹tn Or “worship.”

[27:23] ¹⁸⁰tn Or “stood by me.” BDAG 778 s.v. παρίστημι/παριστάνω 2.a.α states, “approach, come τινί (to) someone…Ac 9:39; 27:23.”

[27:24] ¹⁸¹tn Grk “came to me saying.” The participle λέγων (legwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:24] ¹⁸²tn BDAG 778 s.v. παρίστημι/παριστάνω 2.a.α states, “Also as a t.t. of legal usage appear before, come before…Καίσαρι σε δεῖ παραστῆναι you must stand before the Emperor (as judge) Ac 27:24.” See Acts 23:11. Luke uses the verb δεῖ (dei) to describe what must occur.

[27:24] ¹⁸³tn Or “before the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).

[27:24] ¹⁸⁴tn Grk “God has graciously granted you all who are sailing with you.” The words “the safety of” have been supplied to clarify the meaning of the verb κεχάρισται (kecaristai) in this context.

[27:24] sn The safety of all who are sailing with you. In a sense, Paul’s presence protects them all. For Luke, it serves as a picture of what the gospel does through Christ and through the one who brings the message.

[27:25] ¹⁸⁵tn BDAG 817 s.v. πιστεύω 1.c states, “w. pers. and thing added π. τινί τι believe someone with regard to someth….W. dat. of pers. and ὅτι foll…. πιστεύετέ μοι ὅτι ἐγὼ ἐν τῷ πατρί J 14:11a. Cp. 4:21; Ac 27:25.”

[27:26] ¹⁸⁶tn This is another use of δεῖ (dei) to indicate necessity (see also v. 24). Acts 28:1 shows the fulfillment of this.

[27:27] ¹⁸⁷tn Here “being driven” has been used to translate διαφέρω (diaferw) rather than “drifting,” because it is clear from the attempt to drop anchors in v. 29 that the ship is still being driven by the gale. “Drifting” implies lack of control, but not necessarily rapid movement.

[27:27] ¹⁸⁸sn The Adriatic Sea. They were now somewhere between Crete and Malta.

[27:27] ¹⁸⁹tn Grk “suspected that some land was approaching them.” BDAG 876 s.v. προσάγω 2.a states, “lit. ὑπενόουν προσάγειν τινά αὐτοῖς χώραν they suspected that land was near (lit. ‘approaching them’) Ac 27:27.” Current English idiom would speak of the ship approaching land rather than land approaching the ship.

[27:28] ¹⁹⁰tn Grk “Heaving the lead, they found.” The participle βολίσαντες (bolisante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. See also BDAG 180 s.v. βολίζω. Although the term is used twice in this verse (and thus is technically not a NT hapax legomenon), it occurs nowhere else in the NT.

[27:28] ¹⁹¹sn A fathom is about 6 feet or just under 2 meters (originally the length of a man’s outstretched arms). This was a nautical technical term for measuring the depth of water. Here it was about 120 ft (36 m).

[27:28] ¹⁹²tn L&N 15.12, “βραχὺ δὲ διαστήσαντες ‘when they had gone a little farther’ Ac 27:28.”

[27:28] ¹⁹³sn Here the depth was about 90 ft (27 m).

[27:29] ¹⁹⁴tn Grk “fearing.” The participle φοβούμενοι (foboumenoi) has been translated as a causal adverbial participle.

[27:29] ¹⁹⁵tn Grk “against a rough [rocky] place.” L&N 79.84 has “φοβούμενοί τε μή που κατὰ τραχεῖς τόποις ἐκπέσωμεν ‘we were afraid that we would run aground on the rocky coast’ Ac 27:29.”

[27:29] ¹⁹⁶tn Grk “throwing out…they.” The participle ῥίψαντες (rJiyante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:29] ¹⁹⁷tn BDAG 417 s.v. εὔχομαι 2 states, “wish…τὶ for someth.…Foll. by acc. and inf….Ac 27:29.” The other possible meaning for this term, “pray,” is given in BDAG 417 s.v. 1 and employed by a number of translations (NAB, NRSV, NIV). If this meaning is adopted here, then “prayed for day to come” must be understood metaphorically to mean “prayed that they would live to see the day,” or “prayed that it would soon be day.”

[27:29] ¹⁹⁸tn Grk “and wished for day to come about.”

[27:29] sn And wished for day to appear. The sailors were hoping to hold the ship in place until morning, when they could see what was happening and where they were.

[27:30] ¹⁹⁹tn BDAG 889 s.v. πρόφασις 2 states, “προφάσει ὡς under the pretext that, pretending that…Ac 27:30.” In other words, some of the sailors gave up hope that such efforts would work and instead attempted to escape while pretending to help.

[27:31] ²⁰⁰sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[27:31] ²⁰¹sn The pronoun you is plural in Greek.

[27:32] ²⁰²sn The soldiers cut the ropes. The centurion and the soldiers were now following Paul’s advice by cutting the ropes to prevent the sailors from escaping.

[27:32] ²⁰³tn Or “let it fall away.” According to BDAG 308 s.v. ἐκπίπτω 1 and 2 the meaning of the verb in this verse could be either “fall away” or “drift away.” Either meaning is acceptable, and the choice between them depends almost entirely on how one reconstructs the scene. Since cutting the boat loose would in any case result in it drifting away (whether capsized or not), the meaning “drift away” as a nautical technical term has been used here.

[27:33] ²⁰⁴tn BDAG 160 s.v. ἄχρι 1.b.α has “ἄ. οὗ ἡμέρα ἤμελλεν γίνεσθαι until the day began to dawn 27:33.”

[27:33] ²⁰⁵tn Or “have waited anxiously.” Grk “waiting anxiously.” The participle προσδοκῶντες (prosdokwnte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:33] ²⁰⁶tn Or “continued.”

[27:33] ²⁰⁷tn Grk “having eaten nothing.” The participle προσλαβόμενοι (proslabomenoi) has been translated as a finite verb (with subject “you” supplied) due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:34] ²⁰⁸tn Or “necessary.” BDAG 873-74 s.v. πρός 1 has “πρ. τῆς σωτηρίας in the interest of safety Ac 27:34”; L&N 27.18 has “‘therefore, I urge you to take some food, for this is important for your deliverance’ or ‘…for your survival’ Ac 27:34.”

[27:34] ²⁰⁹tn Or “deliverance” (‘salvation’ in a nontheological sense).

[27:35] ²¹⁰tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[27:35] ²¹¹tn Grk “taking bread, gave thanks.” The participle λαβών (labwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:35] ²¹²tn Or “before them all,” but here this could be misunderstood to indicate a temporal sequence.

[27:35] ²¹³tn Grk “and breaking it, he began.” The participle κλάσας (klasas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:37] ²¹⁴tc One early ms (B) and an early version (sa) read “about seventy-six.” For discussion of how this variant probably arose, see F. F. Bruce, The Acts of the Apostles, 465.

[27:37] ²¹⁵sn This is a parenthetical note by the author.

[27:38] ²¹⁶tn Or “When they had eaten their fill.”

[27:38] ²¹⁷tn Or “grain.”

[27:39] ²¹⁸tn Or “observed,” “saw.”

[27:39] ²¹⁹tn Or “gulf” (BDAG 557 s.v. κόλπος 3).

[27:39] ²²⁰sn A beach would refer to a smooth sandy beach suitable for landing.

[27:40] ²²¹tn That is, released. Grk “slipping…leaving.” The participles περιελόντες (perielonte") and εἴων (eiwn) have been translated as finite verbs due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:40] ²²²tn The term is used of a ship’s anchor. (BDAG 12 s.v. ἄγκυρα a).

[27:40] ²²³tn Grk “bands”; possibly “ropes.”

[27:40] ²²⁴tn Or “rudders.”

[27:40] ²²⁵tn Grk “hoisting…they.” The participle ἐπάραντες (eparante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:40] ²²⁶tn Grk “sail”; probably a reference to the foresail.

[27:40] ²²⁷tn BDAG 533 s.v. κατέχω 7 states, “hold course, nautical t.t., intr….κατεῖχον εἰς τὸν αἰγιαλόν they headed for the beach Ac 27:40.”

[27:41] ²²⁸tn Grk “fell upon a place of two seas.” The most common explanation for this term is that it refers to a reef or sandbar with the sea on both sides, as noted in BDAG 245 s.v. διθάλασσος: the “τόπος δ. Ac 27:41 is a semantic unit signifying a point (of land jutting out with water on both sides).” However, Greek had terms for a “sandbank” (θῖς [qis], ταινία [tainia]), a “reef” (ἑρμα [Jerma]), “strait” (στενόν [stenon]), “promontory” (ἀρωτήρον [arwthron]), and other nautical hazards, none of which are used by the author here. NEB here translates τόπον διθάλασσον (topon diqalasson) as “cross-currents,” a proposal close to that advanced by J. M. Gilchrist, “The Historicity of Paul’s Shipwreck,” JSNT 61 (1996): 29-51, who suggests the meaning is “a patch of cross-seas,” where the waves are set at an angle to the wind, a particular hazard for sailors. Thus the term most likely refers to some sort of adverse sea conditions rather than a topographical feature like a reef or sandbar.

[27:41] ²²⁹tn Or “violence” (BDAG 175 s.v. βία a).

[27:42] ²³⁰sn The soldiers’ plan was to kill the prisoners. The issue here was not cruelty, but that the soldiers would be legally responsible if any prisoners escaped and would suffer punishment themselves. So they were planning to do this as an act of self-preservation. See Acts 16:27 for a similar incident.

[27:42] ²³¹tn The participle ἐκκολυμβήσας (ekkolumbhsa") has been taken instrumentally.

[27:43] ²³²sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[27:43] ²³³tn Or “wanting to rescue Paul.”

[27:43] sn Thanks to the centurion who wanted to save Paul’s life, Paul was once more rescued from a potential human threat.

[27:43] ²³⁴tn BDAG 347 s.v. I. ἔξειμι has “ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν get to land Ac 27:43.”

[27:44] ²³⁵tn The words “were to follow” are not in the Greek text, but are implied. They must be supplied to clarify the sense in contemporary English.

[27:44] ²³⁶tn Or “boards” according to BDAG 913 s.v. σανίς.

[27:44] ²³⁷tn Grk “on pieces from the ship”; that is, pieces of wreckage from the ship.

[27:44] sn Both the planks and pieces of the ship were for the weak or nonswimmers. The whole scene is a historical metaphor representing how listening to Paul and his message could save people.

[27:44] ²³⁸tn Grk “And in this way it happened that.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[28:1] ²³⁹tn Grk “We having been brought safely through” [to land] (same verb as 27:44). The word “shore” is implied, and the slight variations in translation from 27:44 have been made to avoid redundancy in English. The participle διασωθέντες (diaswqente") has been taken temporally.

[28:1] ²⁴⁰sn Malta is an island (known by the same name today) in the Mediterranean Sea south of Sicily. The ship had traveled 625 mi (1,000 km) in the storm.

[28:1] map For location see JP4 A3.

[28:2] ²⁴¹tn Although this is literally βάρβαροι (barbaroi; “foreigners, barbarians”) used for non-Greek or non-Romans, as BDAG 166 s.v. βάρβαρος 2.b notes, “Of the inhabitants of Malta, who apparently spoke in their native language Ac 28:2, 4 (here β. certainly without derogatory tone…).”

[28:2] ²⁴²tn BDAG 1019 s.v. τυγχάνω 2.d states, “δυνάμεις οὐ τὰς τυχούσας extraordinary miracles Ac 19:11. Cp. 28:2.”

[28:2] ²⁴³tn Or “because it was about to rain.” BDAG 418 s.v. ἐφίστημι 4 states, “διὰ τ. ὑετὸν τὸν ἐφεστῶτα because it had begun to rain Ac 28:2…But the mng. here could also be because it threatened to rain (s. 6).”

[28:3] ²⁴⁴tn Or “sticks.”

[28:4] ²⁴⁵tn Although this is literally βάρβαροι (barbaroi; “foreigners, barbarians”) used for non-Greek or non-Romans, as BDAG 166 s.v. βάρβαρος 2.b notes, “Of the inhabitants of Malta, who apparently spoke in their native language Ac 28:2, 4 (here β. certainly without derogatory tone…).”

[28:4] ²⁴⁶tn Grk “his”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[28:4] ²⁴⁷tn That is, the goddess Justice has not allowed him to live. BDAG 250 s.v. δίκη 2 states, “Justice personified as a deity Ac 28:4”; L&N 12.27, “a goddess who personifies justice in seeking out and punishing the guilty – ‘the goddess Justice.’ ἡ δίκη ζῆν οὐκ εἴασεν ‘the goddess Justice would not let him live’ Ac 28:4.” Although a number of modern English translations have rendered δίκη (dikh) “justice,” preferring to use an abstraction, in the original setting it is almost certainly a reference to a pagan deity. In the translation, the noun “justice” was capitalized and the reflexive pronoun “herself” was supplied to make the personification clear. This was considered preferable to supplying a word like ‘goddess’ in connection with δίκη.

[28:4] ²⁴⁸sn The entire scene is played out initially as a kind of oracle from the gods resulting in the judgment of a guilty person (Justice herself has not allowed him to live). Paul’s survival of this incident without ill effects thus spoke volumes about his innocence.

[28:5] ²⁴⁹tn BDAG 737 s.v. οὖν 4 indicates the particle has an adversative sense here: “but, however.”

[28:5] ²⁵⁰tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[28:5] ²⁵¹tn Grk “shaking the creature off…he suffered no harm.” The participle ἀποτινάξας (apotinaxa") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:6] ²⁵²tn Or “going to burn with fever.” According to BDAG 814 s.v. πίμπρημι, either meaning (“swell up” or “burn with fever”) is possible for Acts 28:6.

[28:6] ²⁵³tn The participle προσδοκώντων (prosdokwntwn) has been taken temporally.

[28:6] ²⁵⁴tn The participle θεωρούντων (qewrountwn) has been taken temporally.

[28:6] ²⁵⁵tn Grk “happening.” The participle γινόμενον (ginomenon) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:6] ²⁵⁶tn Grk “changing their minds.” The participle μεταβαλόμενοι (metabalomenoi) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:6] ²⁵⁷sn And said he was a god. The reaction is like Acts 14:11-19 where the crowd wanted to make Paul and Barnabas into gods. The providence of God had protected Paul again.

[28:7] ²⁵⁸tn BDAG 798 s.v. περί 2.a.γ states, “of nearby places…τὰ περὶ τὸν τὸπον the region around the place Ac 28:7.” The presence of ἐκεῖνον (ekeinon) results in the translation “that place.”

[28:7] ²⁵⁹tn That is, the chief Roman official. Several inscriptions have confirmed the use of πρῶτος (prwtos) as an administrative title used on the island of Malta for the highest Roman official. See further BDAG 852 s.v. Πόπλιος.

[28:8] ²⁶⁰tn Grk “It happened that the father.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[28:8] ²⁶¹tn Grk “to whom Paul going in.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced by a personal pronoun (“him”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation. The participle εἰσελθών (eiselqwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:8] ²⁶²tn The participle ἐπιθείς (epiqeis) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:8] ²⁶³sn And healed him. Here are healings like Luke 9:40; 10:30; 13:13; Acts 16:23.

[28:9] ²⁶⁴tn BDAG 142 s.v. ἀσθένεια 1 states, “ἔχειν ἀ. be ill Ac 28:9.”

[28:9] ²⁶⁵sn Many…also came and were healed. Again, here is irony. Paul, though imprisoned, “frees” others of their diseases.

[28:10] ²⁶⁶tn Or “they also honored us greatly”; Grk “they also honored us with many honors” (an idiom).

[28:10] ²⁶⁷tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.” In this case the simpler English “sail” is more appropriate. The English participle “preparing” has also been supplied, since the provisioning of the ship would take place some time before the actual departure.

[28:10] ²⁶⁸tn BDAG 384 s.v. ἐπιτίθημι 1.b has “give τινί τι someth. to someone…ἀναγομένοις τὰ πρὸς τὰς χρείας when we sailed they gave us what we needed Ac 28:10.”

[28:10] ²⁶⁹sn They gave us all the supplies we needed. What they had lost in the storm and shipwreck was now replaced. Luke describes these pagans very positively.

[28:11] ²⁷⁰tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”

[28:11] ²⁷¹tn Or “the ‘Twin Gods’”; Grk “the Dioscuri” (a joint name for the pagan deities Castor and Pollux).

[28:11] sn That had the ‘Heavenly Twins’ as its figurehead. The twin brothers Castor and Pollux, known collectively as the Dioscuri or ‘Heavenly Twins,’ were the twin sons of Zeus and Leda according to Greek mythology. The Alexandrian ship on which Paul and his companions sailed from Malta had a carved emblem or figurehead of these figures, and they would have been the patron deities of the vessel. Castor and Pollux were the “gods of navigation.” To see their stars was considered a good omen (Epictetus, Discourses 2.18.29; Lucian of Samosata, The Ship 9).

[28:11] ²⁷²tn Or “as its emblem.”

[28:12] ²⁷³tn Grk “And putting in.” The participle καταχθέντες (katacqente") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. On the meaning of the participle, BDAG 516 s.v. κατάγω states, “Hence the pass., in act. sense, of ships and seafarers put in εἴς τι at a harbor…εἰς Συρακούσας Ac 28:12.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.

[28:12] ²⁷⁴sn Syracuse was a city on the eastern coast of the island of Sicily. It was 75 mi (120 km) from Malta.

[28:13] ²⁷⁵tc A few early mss (א* B Ψ [gig] {sa [bo]}) read περιελόντες (perielonte", “[From there we] cast off [and arrived at Rhegium]”; cf. Acts 27:40). The other major variant, περιελθόντες (perielqonte", “[we] sailed from place to place”), is found in Ì⁷⁴ א² A 066 1739 Ï lat sy. Although περιελόντες is minimally attested, it is found in the better witnesses. As well, it is a more difficult reading, for its meaning as a nautical term is uncertain, requiring something like “τὰς ἀγκύρας be supplied = ‘we weighed anchor’” (BDAG 799 s.v. περιαιρέω 1). It thus best explains the rise of the other readings.

[28:13] ²⁷⁶sn Rhegium was a city on the southern tip of Italy. It was 80 mi (130 km) from Syracuse.

[28:13] ²⁷⁷tn Grk “after one day, a south wind springing up, on the second day.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle ἐπιγενομένου (epigenomenou) has been translated as a clause with a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:13] ²⁷⁸sn Puteoli was a city on the western coast of Italy south of Rome. It was in the Bay of Naples some 220 mi (350 km) to the north of Rhegium. Here the voyage ended; the rest of the journey was by land.

[28:14] ²⁷⁹tn Grk “where.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“where”) has been replaced with the demonstrative pronoun (“there”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation.

[28:14] ²⁸⁰tn Grk “finding.” The participle εὑρόντες (Jeurontes) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:14] ²⁸¹sn That is, some fellow Christians.

[28:14] ²⁸²map For location see JP4 A1.

[28:15] ²⁸³sn Mention of Christian brothers from there (Rome) shows that God’s message had already spread as far as Italy and the capital of the empire.

[28:15] ²⁸⁴sn The Forum of Appius was a small traveler’s stop on the Appian Way about 43 mi (71 km) south of Rome (BDAG 125 s.v. ᾿Αππίου φόρον). It was described by Horace as “crammed with boatmen and stingy tavernkeepers” (Satires 1.5.3).

[28:15] ²⁸⁵sn Three Taverns was a stop on the Appian Way 33 mi (55 km) south of Rome.

[28:15] ²⁸⁶tn Grk “whom, when he saw [them], Paul.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced by the personal pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation.

[28:16] ²⁸⁷tn Or “to stay.”

[28:16] sn Allowed to live by himself. Paul continued to have a generous prison arrangement (cf. Acts 27:3).

[28:17] ²⁸⁸tn Grk “It happened that after three days.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[28:17] ²⁸⁹tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[28:17] ²⁹⁰tn L&N 33.309 has “‘after three days, he called the local Jewish leaders together’ Ac 28:17.”

[28:17] ²⁹¹tn Grk “Men brothers,” but this is both awkward and unnecessary in English.

[28:17] ²⁹²tn The participle ποιήσας (poihsas) has been translated as a concessive adverbial participle.

[28:17] ²⁹³tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”

[28:17] sn I had done nothing against our people or the customs of our ancestors. Once again Paul claimed to be faithful to the Jewish people and to the God of Israel.

[28:17] ²⁹⁴map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[28:17] ²⁹⁵tn Grk “into the hands of the Romans,” but this is redundant when παρεδόθην (paredoqhn) has been translated “handed over.”

[28:18] ²⁹⁶tn Grk “who when.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“who”) has been replaced by the personal pronoun (“they”) and a new sentence begun at this point in the translation.

[28:18] ²⁹⁷tn Or “had questioned me”; or “had examined me.” BDAG 66 s.v. ἀνακρίνω 2 states, “to conduct a judicial hearing, hear a case, question.”

[28:18] ²⁹⁸sn They wanted to release me. See Acts 25:23-27.

[28:18] ²⁹⁹tn Grk “no basis for death,” but in this context a sentence of death is clearly indicated.

[28:19] ³⁰⁰tn That is, objected to my release.

[28:19] ³⁰¹tn Or “to the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).

[28:19] ³⁰²tn BDAG 533 s.v. κατηγορέω 1 states, “nearly always as legal t.t.: bring charges in court.” L&N 33.427 states for κατηγορέω, “to bring serious charges or accusations against someone, with the possible connotation of a legal or court context – ‘to accuse, to bring charges.’”

[28:19] ³⁰³tn Or “my own nation.”

[28:20] ³⁰⁴sn The hope of Israel. A reference to Israel’s messianic hope. Paul’s preaching was in continuity with this Jewish hope (Acts 1:3; 8:12; 14:22; 19:8; 20:25).

[28:21] ³⁰⁵tn Grk “they said to him.”

[28:21] ³⁰⁶tn Or “arrived”; Grk “come” (“from there” is implied). Grk “coming.” The participle παραγενόμενος (paragenomeno") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:22] ³⁰⁷tn Grk “regarding this sect it is known to us.” The passive construction “it is known to us” has been converted to an active one to simplify the translation.

[28:22] ³⁰⁸tn Grk “that everywhere it is spoken against.” To simplify the translation the passive construction “it is spoken against” has been converted to an active one with the subject “people” supplied.

[28:22] ³⁰⁹tn On the term translated “speak against,” see BDAG 89 s.v. ἀντιλέγω 1.

[28:23] ³¹⁰tn Grk “Having set.” The participle ταξάμενοι (taxamenoi) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:23] ³¹¹tn Grk “Having set a day with him”; the words “to meet” are not in the Greek text, but are implied.

[28:23] ³¹²tn Or “came to him in his rented quarters.”

[28:23] ³¹³tn BDAG 848 s.v. πολύς 1.b.β.ב states, “(even) more πλείονες in even greater numbers Ac 28:23.”

[28:23] ³¹⁴tn The word “things” is not in the Greek text, but has been supplied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[28:23] ³¹⁵tn Grk “to whom he explained.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) has been replaced by the pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence begun at this point in the translation.

[28:23] ³¹⁶tn BDAG 233 s.v. διαμαρτύρομαι 1 has “to make a solemn declaration about the truth of someth. testify of, bear witness to (orig. under oath)…God’s kingdom 28:23.”

[28:23] ³¹⁷sn Testifying about the kingdom of God. The topic is important. Paul’s preaching was about the rule of God and his promise in Jesus. Paul’s text was the Jewish scriptures.

[28:23] ³¹⁸tn Or “persuade.”

[28:24] ³¹⁹tn Or “persuaded.”

[28:24] ³²⁰tn Grk “by the things spoken.”

[28:24] ³²¹sn Some were convinced…but others refused to believe. Once again the gospel caused division among Jews, as in earlier chapters of Acts (13:46; 18:6).

[28:25] ³²²tn The imperfect verb ἀπελύοντο (apeluonto) has been translated as an ingressive imperfect.

[28:25] ³²³tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”

[28:26] ³²⁴tn Grk “you will hear with hearing” (an idiom).

[28:26] ³²⁵tn Or “seeing”; Grk “you will look by looking” (an idiom).

[28:27] ³²⁶tn Or “insensitive.”

[28:27] sn The heart of this people has become dull. The charge from Isaiah is like Stephen’s against the Jews of Jerusalem (Acts 7:51-53). They were a hard-hearted and disobedient people.

[28:27] ³²⁷tn Grk “they hear heavily with their ears” (an idiom for slow comprehension).

[28:27] ³²⁸sn Note how the failure to respond to the message of the gospel is seen as a failure to turn.

[28:27] ³²⁹sn A quotation from Isa 6:9-10.

[28:28] ³³⁰tn Grk “Therefore let it be known to you.”

[28:28] ³³¹tn Or “of God.”

[28:28] ³³²sn The term Gentiles is in emphatic position in the Greek text of this clause. Once again there is the pattern: Jewish rejection of the gospel leads to an emphasis on Gentile inclusion (Acts 13:44-47).

[28:28] ³³³tn Grk “they also.”

[28:29] ³³⁴tc Some later mss include 28:29: “When he had said these things, the Jews departed, having a great dispute among themselves.” Verse 29 is lacking in Ì^74vid א A B E Ψ 048 33 81 1175 1739 2464 pc and a number of versions. They are included (with a few minor variations) in Ï it and some versions. This verse is almost certainly not a part of the original text of Acts, as it lacks the best credentials. The present translation follows NA²⁷ in omitting the verse number, a procedure also followed by a number of other modern translations.

[28:30] ³³⁵tn Grk “He”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[28:30] ³³⁶tn Or “stayed.”

[28:30] ³³⁷tn Or perhaps, “two whole years at his own expense.” BDAG 654 s.v. μίσθωμα states, “the customary act. mng. ‘contract price, rent’…is not found in our lit. (Ac) and the pass. what is rented, a rented house is a mng. not found outside it (even Ammonius Gramm. [100 ad] p. 93 Valck. knows nothing of it. Hence the transl. at his own expense [NRSV] merits attention) ἐν ἰδίῳ μισθώματι in his own rented lodgings Ac 28:30 (for the idea cp. Jos., Ant. 18, 235).”

[28:30] ³³⁸tn Or “and received.”

[28:31] ³³⁹tn Or “Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”

[28:31] ³⁴⁰tn Or “openness.”

[28:31] ³⁴¹sn Proclaiming…with complete boldness and without restriction. Once again Paul’s imprisonment is on benevolent terms. The word of God is proclaimed triumphantly and boldly in Rome. Acts ends with this note: Despite all the attempts to stop it, the message goes forth.

Kisah Para Rasul 26:1--28:31

Alkitab SABDA